24 03/09/2012. The total number ofneutronsin the nucleus of an atom is called theneutronnumberof the atom and is given thesymbol N. Neutronnumber plusatomic numberequals atomic mass number:N+Z=A. O 32 protons 27 neutrons and. Which element has 27 protons? The number of protons of an atom cannot change via any chemical reaction, so you add or subtract electrons to get the correct charge. Are protons and electrons equal in mass? Write the number of electrons protons and neutrons present in it. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Calculate the number of protons neutrons and electrons it contains. Electronegativity, symbol , is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards this atom. Therefore, there are various non-equivalent definitions of atomic radius. Expert Answer 100 4 ratings Previous question Next question. If the ion has a 1- charge (simply written with a minus superscript), then there are more electrons than the number of protons. 2). The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. 5 What element has 2 electrons 2 protons and 2 electrons. Chromium 52: The atomic number Z = 24, so there are 24 protons and 24 electrons. The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the distance out to which the electron cloud extends from the nucleus. Chemistry, 22.06.2019 01:30. Each proton and neutron in the See full answer below. In other words, it can be expressed as the neutral atomslikelihood of gaining an electron. $ 24.00. 1) You may use almost everything for non-commercial and educational use. Similarly, thep blockare the right-most six columns of the periodic table, thed blockis the middle 10 columns of the periodic table, while thef blockis the 14-column section that is normally depicted as detached from the main body of the periodic table. ____NA + ____ H20 EQUALS ______NaOH+ H2, when a chemical equation is balanced, it will have a set of whole number coefficients that cannot be reduced to smaller whole numbers. Free Gift for you: Interactive Periodic Table Let me tell you how this Interactive Periodic Table will help you in your studies. the ion is A+. X + e X+ energy Affinity = H. What is thedelta H deg.for the combustion of 1 mol of B5H9(s)? What is the atomic number of an element with 24 protons and 24 electrons? The periodic table lists the atomic weight for each element, which can be used to find mass number, For hydrogen, for example, the atomic weight is 1.008. In this atom, the number of protons is 27 and the number of electrons is 24. 4 What is the name and symbol of an ion that has 26 protons and 23 electrons? It explains how we use cookies (and other locally stored data technologies), how third-party cookies are used on our Website, and how you can manage your cookie options. c. 496.8 mL The three parts of an atom are positive-charged protons, negative-charged electrons, and neutral neutrons. B) X & R PS - 1.4 Isotopes Day/ Block: -'~=- - - 1) Write the chemical symbol for the isotope of an element that has 94 protons and 146 Chromium is a steely-grey, lustrous, hard and brittle metal4 which takes a high polish, resists tarnishing, and has a high melting point. . As a result, as the number of protons increases,an increasing ratio of neutrons to protons is neededto form a stable nucleus. Chemical Elements: There are 118 chemical elements listed on the periodic table. The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons and electrons in that element. Wiki User 2009-11-23 22:43:16 Study now See answer (1) Best Answer Copy Co3+ Cobalt is the 27th element on the Periodic. Protons are the positively charged particles within an atom. 6 months ago. Copyright 2023 Periodic Table | All Rights Reserved |, Titanium Protons Neutrons Electrons Electron Configuration, Manganese Protons Neutrons Electrons Electron Configuration. The elements in a column of the periodic table are known as, Subtopic: Periodic Classification of the Elements. The atomic number of an atom is the number of protons, so this What is the full electron configuration for an atom that has 27 electrons? What isotope has 24 protons and 24 electrons? Chromium 51 (Cr-51) is a radioactive isotope of chromium with a half-life of 27.7 days, its decomposition being by capture of an electron with gamma-ray emission. Therefore, [Xe] 6s2 for barium). What is the net charge of this ion in charge units? A) 13 protons and 13 electrons D) 13 protons and 10 electrons B) 27 protons and 24 electrons E) 10 protons and 13 electrons C) 16 protons and 13 electrons Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 2.5 26. Mostly because the dramatic change in. C) Y & R ThoughtCo. Solved by verified . Solution for How much total energy is needed to bring two protons within 5.75 fm of one another? Chromium isotope 51, not natural occuring, radioactive (halftime It explains how we use cookies (and other locally stored data technologies), how third-party cookies are used on our Website, and how you can manage your cookie options. cross out Cobalt is the 27th element of the periodic table so its atomic number is 27. A) Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol Z. 20 9/3/2012 Technical Training. There are 27 electrons in the Cu2+ ion. For example, silicon has nine possible integer oxidation states from 4 to +4, but only -4, 0 and +4 are common oxidation states. In order to write the Chromium electron configuration we first need to know the number of electrons for the Cr atom (there are 24 electrons). neutrons has a mass number of 54, which is the sum of the protons (13.7 + 0.027) / 8.221. what name is given to the concept that different samples of a given compound always contain the same elements in the same mass ratio? 13 What has 15 protons and 16 neutrons. A) X & Y If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. What isotope has 26 protons 24 electrons and 32 neutrons? Which is stable 26 protons or 32 neutrons? So atomic number is 27 And a it's just nothing but mass number. Cobaltis a chemical element with atomic number27which means there are 27 protons in its nucleus. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d7 This is based upon filling allowing partials in. Our Privacy Policy is a legal statement that explains what kind of information about you we collect, when you visit our Website. A An element X has mass number 27 and atomic number 13. Protons. the average distance between the earth and the moon is 240,000 miles. What ion symbol has 27 protons and 24 electrons? The electronegativity of Cobalt is: = 1.88. How many grams are present in 1.75 moles of carbon dioxide, CO2? 300 p C . By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Which type of gland releases its secretions directly into the extracellular fluid? There is no symbol as no known atom or ion has 174 protons. 0. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "How Many Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons in an Atom?" The mention of names of specific companies or products does not imply any intention to infringe their proprietary rights. An ion has an unequal number of protons and electrons. For hydrogen, the number of protons is 1. A neutral atom has equal number of protons and electronsThe proton is positive while the electron is negative so it cancels out when ithas equal number. d. 13 protons and 10 electrons. Sometimes you can tell the elemental identity of a sample if all you have is the atomic weight. The atomic mass is carried by the atomic nucleus, which occupies only about 10-12of the total volume of the atom or less, but it contains all the positive charge and at least 99.95% of the total mass of the atom. It hasno electric chargeand a rest mass equal to 1.67493 1027 kgmarginally greater than that of the proton but nearly 1839 times greater than that of the electron. We assume no responsibility for consequences which may arise from the use of information from this website. ThoughtCo, Aug. 26, 2020, thoughtco.com/protons-neutrons-and-electrons-in-an-atom-603818. The number of electrons in an electrically-neutral atom is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called theatomic numberof the atom and is given thesymbol Z. What is the charge of an ion with 24 electrons? It has no electric charge and a rest mass equal to 1.67493 10 27 kgmarginally . 935? a. Ammonia acts as a sink for proton transfer from low-PA COMs, while passing on protons to high-PA species; dissociative recombination with electrons then destroys the resulting ions. Mass numbers of typical isotopes ofCobaltare59. The number of protons in an element determines its atomic number. Atoms are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons. 112 rows Scandium has 21 protons 24 neutrons and 21 electrons. Read Or Download Gallery of fundamental forces of nature multiwavelength astronomy - All Elements Protons Neutrons Electrons understanding solar power electricity what are the first 20 elements names and symbols protons neutrons electrons. It does not store any personal data. What type of subatomic particles are found in the cloud? Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "How Many Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons in an Atom?" Continue with Recommended Cookies. (a) What . The isotope of cobalt that contains 27 protons and 27 The chemical reaction that produces ethanol also produces what by-product? An ion has an unequal number of protons and electrons. What is the name and symbol of an ion that has 26 protons and 23 electrons? What is the average atomic mass of the element X if it contains 92.23 % of isotope X-27.976, 4.683 % of X-28.976, and 3.087 % X-29.973? mass # - atomic # = # of neutrons 51 - 24 = 27 An atom has 14 protons and 13 neutrons what it its atomic mass? Give the ion symbol for the ion that has 27 protons and 24 electons? Theconfiguration of these electronsfollows from the principles of quantum mechanics. S. L . Austenitic stainless steels contain between 16 and 25% Cr and can also contain nitrogen in solution, both of which contribute to their relatively high corrosion resistance. If the particle is neutral, then there will be nine Iron pyrite( fools gold) is iron(II) sulfide, what is its formula? Further, the most common, stable are the solid lines at 30 to 32. Without negative charged space fluid, matter will be tooo dense to . The species that contains 24 protons, 26 neutrons and 22 electrons would be represented by the symbol: A 50V 3+ B 26Cr2+ C 50Cr2+ D 26M n2+ Solution The correct option is C 50Cr2+ An element can be represented as: A ZXn Where, A is mass number of the element Z is the atomic number n is the charge associated with the element Protons and Neutrons in Chromium. . Looking for a sarcastic quotes or saying mugs with a beautiful font for a birthday or Christams gift ? Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms. 7 What element has 53 protons and 70 neutrons. any atom with 26 protons is Cobalt, now 24 eletrons is Cobalt+2 (because there are 2 more positively charged protons then negatively charged electrons) and neutrons just add mass and make atom either radioactive or not, so 32 neutrons make this atom +2Co-58 (58 is mass=protons (atomic number)+neutrons) a radioactive man-made isotope. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number of the atom and is given the symbol ZThe total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore Ze where e elementary charge equals to 1602 x 10-19 coulombs. B. lead becomes a liquid when heated to 601C, after carrying out the operations below, how many significant figures are appropriate to show in the result? An ion from a given element has 27 protons and 25 electrons. Total number of protons in the nucleus is called theatomic numberof the atom and is given thesymbol Z. An atom of an element in a compound will have a positive oxidation state if it has had electrons removed. Each electron is influenced by the electric fields produced by the positive nuclear charge and the other (Z 1) negative electrons in the atom. 1) You may use almost everything for non-commercial and educational use. Input Field 1 of 3, The mass of a piece of metal is 30.4571 grams. An aluminum ion, Al3+, has: A) 13 protons and 13 electrons C) 16 protons and 13 electrons E) 10 protons and 13 electrons B) 27 protons and 24 electrons D) 13 protons and 10 electrons. What happens to atoms during chemical reaction? Protons are injected through the thylakoid membrane into the lumen during a light-dependent reaction, rendering it acidic to pH 4. (An ion is just a molecule with an unequal number of electrons and protons). Chromiumis a chemical element with atomic number24 which means there are 24 protons in its nucleus. The number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Oxidation state 0 occurs for all elements it is simply the element in its elemental form. The mass of the polyester ball is 1.0grams1.0 \mathrm{grams}1.0grams. Rutherford's experiment with alpha particle scattering by gold foil established that, protons are not evenly distributed throughout an atom, What term is used to represent the total number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of each atom of an element, bromine is the only nonmetal that is a liquid at room temperature. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The information contained in this website is for general information purposes only. 27 9/3/2012 Technical Training. However, for molecules with proton affinities (PA) greater than that of ammonia, proton transfer reactions result in drastic reductions in abundances and lifetimes. If the charge is positive, there are more protons than electrons. This problem has been solved. The cusp is at the coordinate x = 0 and y = 0 on the detection plane which is directly above the proton coordinate x = 0 and y = 0. Both a small polyester ball and a piece of PVC pipe are given a charge of 0.417C0.417 \mu \mathrm{C}0.417C. Answered Aug 7 2018 by Courtney104. Substance delta H deg.f (kJ/mol) B2O3(s) -1273.5 B5H9(s) +73.2, For the reaction depicted below, if Z represents Zn, which metal could A represent? The difference between the neutron number and the atomic number is known as theneutron excess: D = N Z = A 2Z. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. 1 Nhn Ung Often, the number of protons and electrons is not the same, so the atom carries a net positive or negative charge. 6. Naturally occurring chromium is composed of three stable isotopes; 52Cr, 53Cr and 54Cr, with 52Cr being the most abundant (83.789% natural abundance). As copper has an atomic number of 29, it also will have 29 protons in its nucleus. Chromium is a steely-grey, lustrous, hard and brittle metal which takes a high polish, resists tarnishing, and has a high melting point. The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. Reaction rate depends on how many molecules are coming into contact with each other with enough energy to react. What is the name of the atom that has 26 protons and 24 electrons? Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. (2020, August 26). What is the labour of cable stayed bridges? one mole of methane (CH4) contains a total of 3x10^24 atoms, in a correctly balanced equation, the number of reactant molecules must equal the number of product molecules, the limiting reactant is the reactant with the smallest initial mass, the empirical formula is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms representing a chemical formula of a molecule, many compounds can be represented with the same empirical formula, there is only one distinct empirical formula for each compound that exists, the molecular formula is a whole number multiple of the empirical formula, the percent yield can be determined by dividing the actual yield by the theoretical yield and multiplying this value by 100%. If you're not told the element name or its atomic number, it's hard to know the correct answer. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Argon has 22 protons, 24 neutrons and 18 electrons. Chromium 52 Chromium 52: The atomic number Z = 24, so there are 24 protons and 24 electrons. about 1.67 10 24 grams. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/protons-neutrons-and-electrons-in-an-atom-603818. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. It is classified as a transition metal. Bringing the charged body into contact with another body having an equal but opposite charge C. Allowing free electrons to escape from a negatively charged body D. Adding more protons to a positively charged body until the number of protons matches the number of electrons New answers Rating The periodic table is a tabular display of the chemical elements organized on the basis of their atomic numbers, electron configurations, and chemical properties. Select the combination which lists the correct atomic number, neutron number, and mass number, respectively, Atoms X, Y, Z, and R have the following nuclear compositions: Furthermore, the number of electrons is always equal to that of protons. The number of electrons in each elements electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. What is the atom with 24 protons and 27 neutrons? The atomic number of an element corresponds exactly to the number of protons. d. 27 protons, 24 electrons. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. If you want to get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: Our Website follows all legal requirements to protect your privacy. Expert Answer 100 4 ratings Previous question Next question. What is the correct order of DNA replication. Neutrons stabilize the nucleus, because they attract each other and protons , which helps offset the electrical repulsion between protons. Ils ne se couplent pas avec d'autres protons : ils donnent donc un singulet. What is the answer punchline algebra 15.1 why dose a chicken coop have only two doors? . Give the ion symbol for the ion that has 27 protons and 24 electons? e. 10 protons and 13 electrons. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Get 24/7 study help with the Numerade app for iOS and Android! Charge = Electrons in the neutral element - number of electrons in the ion We have nine protons and 10 electrons. Therefore the chargeof the ion is 3. Posted by on April 23 2022 with high schools in st petersburg florida. It should be noted that all of these decay pathways may be accompanied bythe subsequent emission ofgamma radiation. In the universe, protons are abundant, making upabout halfof all visible matter. Charge = Number of protons - number of electrons, The atom is positively charged and it can be depicted as Z, This site is using cookies under cookie policy . Drew a blank on this one thank you. 2 protons, 2 electrons, and 1 neutron. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The +3 and +6 states occur most commonly within chromium compounds, followed by +2; charges of +1, +4 and +5 for chromium are rare, but do nevertheless occasionally exist. the ion with 24 electrons, 30 neutrons, and a 3+ charge. Cobalt- an electron configuration described by the following orbital diagram? where X is any atom or molecule capable of being ionized, X+is that atom or molecule with an electron removed (positive ion), and eis the removed electron. }205kPa. The atomic mass is the mass of an atom. You can find the number of neutrons if you know the isotope of the atom. Add to Favorites Join Now! 27 d.). Therefore, a cobalt atom has twenty-seven protons and twenty-seven electrons. 9 . Patchi. What is Chromium 52 mass number? Protons carry a positive electrical change while electrons are negatively charged and neutrons are neutral. What are its atomic number, atomic mass, and net charge? The total electrical charge of the nucleus is therefore +Ze, where e (elementary charge) equals to1,602 x 10-19coulombs. Did Nehru raise the national flag of India on 15th August 1947? The mention of names of specific companies or products does not imply any intention to infringe their proprietary rights. Chromium(VI) is a strong oxidising agent in contrast to the molybdenum(VI) and tungsten(VI) oxides. Here, 27 is nothing but atomic number. Adding free electrons to a positively charged body B. The free element, produced by reductive smelting, is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray metal. The number of neutrons in an atom can be determined by the difference between the atomic mass and the number of protons. For example, if you have a sample with an atomic weight of 2, you can be pretty certain the element is hydrogen. Steel is dark gray in color and is composed These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. . Knowledge of theelectron configurationof different atoms is useful in understanding the structure of the periodic table of elements. carbon dioxide if a liquid contains 60% sugar and 40% water throughout its composition, what is it called? 13 protons and 14 neutrons -- mass number is 27. You can determine the number of electrons in an ion if you know its charge. Grab one now ! Step 2: Positively charged body When the number of electrons is less than the number of protons in the body, the body is said to be positively charged. For any atom, what you need to remember is: Number of Protons = Atomic Number of the Element, Number of Neutrons = Mass Number - Atomic Number. If the charge is positive, there are more protons than electrons. E) X & Z. An aluminum ion, Al3+, has: 27 protons and 24 electrons. ___C7H14+ ____O2 EQUALS _____CO2+ _____H2O, balance the equation below using the smallest set of whole numbers, then add together the coefficients. The chemical symbol for cobalt is Co. An isotope of iron (Fe) has 26 protons and 32 neutrons. There are 13 electrons and protons. Chromium is one of the most important and indispensable industrial metals because of its hardness and resistance to corrosion. It could be part of the main body, but then the periodic table would be rather long and cumbersome. b. - The ATP synthesis is connected with the production of the proton gradient in the membrane of the thylakoid, according to chemical hypotheses. It's easy to get a hydrogen atom with one proton and one neutron (deuterium), yet you won't find a helium atom with an atomic weight of 2 because this would mean the helium atom had two protons and zero neutrons! cm, the total volume increased to 9.90 cm. KCIO3(S) EQUALS KCL(S)+ 02(G), what is the limiting reactant when 3.41g of nitrogen react with 2.79g of hydrogen to produce ammonia, and how many grams of ammonia are produced, nitrogen is the limiting reactant and 4.15 g of ammonia are produced, what is defined as a tentative explanation for observations that are made that result in the formulation of this concept, which of the following cannot be separated into a simpler substance by chemical means. 2 What is the charge of an ion with 26 protons and 23 electrons? Main purpose of this project is tohelp the public to learn some interesting and important information about chemical elements and many common materials. CH4O+ HBr equals CH3Br + H2O Chromium 52 Cobalt atoms have 27 electrons and 27 protons with 32 neutrons in the most abundant isotope. Steel is made by heating iron ore with carbon. Protons are electrochemically positive in charge and the Neutrons are electrochemically neutral in charge while Electrons are electrochemically negatively charged particles that move random around the nucleus, is how protons, neutrons, [ and electrons differ. ] The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". 0 b. Ohm's Law for AC Circuits In general, resistive circuits behave the same with AC . Check DEMO What is the mass number of an atom that contains 24 protons 27 neutrons and 24 electrons? These alloys are usually characterized as ductile, weldable, and hardenable by cold forming. The proton has a mean square radius of about 0.87 1015m, or 0.87 fm, and it is a spin fermion. Isotopes are nuclides that have the same atomic number and are therefore the same element, but differ in the number of neutrons. Cation" is a term for any positively charged ion. An atom contains equal numbers of protons and electrons . Finally, use the known mass number to determine how many neutrons you have Multiple choice question. Routing number of commercial bank of Ethiopia? answer choices protons electrons neutrons nucleus Question 4 Anyone canbe able to come here,learn the basicsofmaterials science, material properties and to compare these properties. What is the charge on the ion. Anyone canbe able to come here,learn the basicsofmaterials science, material properties and to compare these properties. The element of an atom with 2 protons is always helium. Therefore, the number protons in magnesium is 12. All replies. What is the name of the atom that has 26 protons and 24 electrons? 21 9/3/2012 Cummins Confidential Technical Training . a. Chromium-53 is composed of 24 protons, 29 neutrons, and 24 electrons. The number of electrons in each elements electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. Unstable isotopesdecay through various radioactive decay pathways, most commonly alpha decay, beta decay, or electron capture. Chromium atoms have 24 electrons and 24 protons with the most abundant isotope having 28 neutrons. 12.8 mL These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. E. a series that has the same nuclear charge. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Note that, ionization energies measure the tendency of a neutral atom to resist the loss of electrons. 72. or protons. If 1.573g of a AgBr precipitate forms, what is the present by mass of Br in the original compound, how many grams of water could be made from 5.0 mol h2 and 3.0 H2 and 3.0 mol o2, methanol (CH4O) is converted to bromomethane (CH3BR) as follows Iron ore is a reddish-brown rock that contains iron oxide. Sent to: Send invite. Express this distance in kilometers. The element that contains 27 protons 33 neutrons and 27 electrons is. As copper has an atomic number of 29, it also will have 29 protons in its nucleus. Protons carry a positive electrical change, while electrons are negatively charged, and neutrons are neutral. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? 10 What happens when you add or remove electrons. A neutral atom has the same number of protons and electrons (charges cancel each other out). Advances in Optical and Electron Microscopy CliffsNotes Chemistry Practice Pack Relativity Theory of Protons and Electrons Annual Book of ASTM . Which of the following is true of a charged atom? How many total electrons are in a Cu2+ ion? But it might not look like matter we know. O 27 protons 27 neutrons and 32 electrons. 27 electrons Composition of an Atom. c 9 Does sulfur gain 2 electrons to form a cation. D) Z & R Steel is stronger than iron and resists rusting unlike iron. You can effortlessly find every single detail about the elements from this single Interactive Periodic table. The periodic table is arranged in order of increasing atomic number, so the number of protons is the element number. Since you're dealing with a neutral atom, the number of electrons that surround the nucleus must be equal to the number of protons found in the nucleus. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Enter your email for an invite. Cobalt is a chemical element with atomic number 27 which means there are 27 protons in its nucleus. Mask number is 59. In February, we have selected iron, the most abundant element on Earth, with chemical symbol Fe (from the Latin word "ferrum") and atomic number 26. Solution for The element cobalt Co has. In chemistry andatomic physics, theelectron affinityof an atom or molecule is defined as: the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion. D) When an atom loses an electron, it becomes an anion, which is . what is the substance present in the smallest amount in a solution? The dot or line is a valid at 26 protons vs 32 neutrons, so that isotope is observed. : O s. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly.