The Central Lwo during the Aconya. Politics has been around for millennia. Idi Amin (1971-79) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. It does not store any personal data. Individual antecedents of political behavior include political . [10], The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. The Shona-speaking peoples comprise about 80 percent of the population of Zimbabwe,, Swazi The In addition there were priest- or priestess-diviners, private practitioners who worked for the well-being of their clients, and witches, who worked in private for evil or destructive purposes. That is why the Lango neighbours refer to the Acholi as Ugangi, meaning people of the home. Childlessness is one of the most serious misfortunes imaginable; women are typically blamed, and the marriage often ends or the husband takes a second wife. Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. In 2005, the new International Criminal Court in The Hague issued arrest warrants for Joseph Kony and other top LRA commanders. [16] In addition, the people have important rituals for cleansing homes and sites, to welcome back people who have been away a long time, to clear spirits from places where killings have occurred, and to welcome people who have been captive. solidification of an Acholi identity, with their common language becoming an important marker. The size and nature of this occasion depend on the age and status of the deceased, with the most lavish and festive celebrations taking place when the person who died was both aged and important. Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. The republican constitution adopted in 1967 abolished the monarchies and assigned ultimate political power to an elected president. [26][27], The NRA managed to defeat all the rebel groups except the LRA which culminated in a 20-year conflict. occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few The long civil war in the North has destroyed much of their society. Chopi (Storch, 2005), Index of languages, language families, linguistic areas, and ethnic groups.. African languages. Even bride-wealth marriages are now often mainly nuclear-family affairs, and other alternatives to traditional marriage are common. [29], Media related to Acholi people at Wikimedia Commons. (Ugandan Parliamentary Committee on Defence and Internal Affairs 1997. Classification of Southern Lwoo after Heusing (2004) and Storch (2005). The Acholi region and language 51. It does not correspond to any user ID in the web application and does not store any personally identifiable information. The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Relatively small numbers of Acholi have filled middle-level or senior civil-service positions in independent Uganda. others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators ETHNONYMS: Afipa, Wafipa a civil resistance movement started forming in the region. ." in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful They were also against the power consolidation approach of the NRA, which included mass arrest, torturing, killing, cattle raiding, food crop destruction, and looting and burning of villages. The main point of contact Millet is the staple food of the Acholi, and tobacco is grown for trade. Chiefs are chosen from one lineage. Further tidying up and smoothing over the grave take place within the week. We hope you find it interesting. neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. The results showed that students had, On the one hand, languages are translatable, which can be demonstrated from different perspectives such as the general characteristics of language, the parallel linguistic, The purpose of this study was to examine the language attitudes and language practices of Arabic-speaking families living in the United States. Uganda Journal 7(1): 27-43. The Acholi region is bordered in the west by the districts into the independence era. Then a final dance and feast takes place at a time chosen to make possible the maximum attendance by relatives and other interested people. By the mid-nineteenth century, about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholiland. southern part of the country relatively young. University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars - The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Identification. higher now, due to the ongoing growth in population. However, during the dry season, as groups of families were forced to congregate around receding water sources, a greater degree of political organization developed. ETHNONYMS: Mende (Men-day), Mendes, Huro, Wuro The Acholi are proud and loud, but have been exposed as a group without a uniting leadership. The Song of Lawino, one of the most successful African literary works, was written by Okot p'Bitek, published in 1966 in Acholi, and later translated to English. interpolity interactions at the county level. This complex process was helped along by two major droughts, probably during the 1720s and c. 1790, which promoted larger-scale political leadership that held the promise of greater stability and security, and by the formation of neighboring identities against which members of an emergent Acholi could compete, compare, and define themselves. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. were able gain wealth by trading mainly in ivory. They were approached in regard to such general concerns as good health, fertility, and appeals or thanks for good harvests in ceremonies that usually emphasized the consciousness, cohesiveness, and continuation of their respective groups as functioning corporate entities. It was a system of governance fully integrated with their religion and cosmology. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful social control in the area. (February 23, 2023). Hier sind Acholi-Frauen dafr bekannt, . with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. [13] The refugees in the camps have also been subject to raids by both LRA and government forces.[10]. The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just before the outbreak of civil war in 1986. families living together in hamlets. After weaning and up to the age of 5 or 6, however, much of the day-to-day caretaking of a child has customarily been done by an opposite-sex sibling or other preadolescent (often a member of the father's lineage), called lapidi (nurse-child). "In 1997, the Catholic, Anglican, Muslim, and later the Orthodox religious leaders of Acholi formalized their increasing cooperation on peace issues by setting up the Acholi Religious Leaders' Peace Initiative (ARLPI). Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the Science and Sustaining the Gains as PEPFAR Turns Twenty This report is a record of the virtual summit organized by the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Uganda for its stakeholders; Uganda Ministry of Health (MoH) including its Public Health Fellowship Program (PHFP), implementing partners, and . Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. 23 Feb. 2023 . The term Mende refers to both the people and the langua, Achievements by Indian Physical Scientists, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. Figure 5. aimed at achieving clearly-defined political goals, which typically benefit the interests of their members. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. Inheritance has been, and largely remains, patrilineal. social control in the area. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. ." Political Organization Defined A political organization subject to Code section 527 is a party, committee, association, fund or other organization (whether or not incorporated) organized and operated primarily for the purpose of directly or indirectly accepting contributions or making expenditures, or both, for an exempt function. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The movement hopes to strengthen the political and economic power of women in society and so push back destruction of the natural environment. Traditional beliefs, however, still persist, often meshed with Christian doctrine in complex ways. - CORE that included areas now belonging to South Sudan and the northern regions of Uganda. The building of houses and granaries has historically involved both men and women, with each performing specified functions. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". "At Home in the Village: Growing Up in Acholi." organisation to survive, a common identity had to form to support this new social structure of environment and larger distances between settlements kept the hierarchical structures The most common domestic animals are (and have long been) chickens and goats, with some cattle, especially in the dryer portions of Acholi. Dwyer, John O. In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labour and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy". From the Holy Spirit Movement, the notorious Lords Resistance Army (LRA), led by Acholi Joseph Kony, emerged. Vincent (2012). London: James Currey. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyse the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Uganda's current army, various local rebel groups (some headed by apocalyptic "prophets" such as Alice Lakwena), and heavily armed Karamojong raiders have all raped, looted, killed, and destroyed, making any kind of normal life in Acholi impossible. Political organizations are those engaged in political activities (e.g., lobbying, community organizing, campaign advertising, etc.) Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. jok ). According to the reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), the Acholi as a group emerged While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The first leader was Kuturia as mentioned Despite the years of leadership by men from the North, that region continued to be marginalized economically after independence, and has suffered higher rates of poverty than other areas of the country. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. 53- 20- It was not until 1995 that a constitutional reform recognized such cultural leaders, but they have not been fully restored to previous powers, as so much of society has changed. Medicine. Numbering more than one million at the turn of the 21st century, they speak a Western Nilotic language of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family and are culturally and historically related to their traditional enemies, the neighbouring Lango. 1 Northern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab-ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the cooperation of their rwot (chief) Aliker with the British, the centre of the colonial In the pre-colonial era, all the Acholi believed in the same superior being, YA Latwer. Uganda, leading raids all over the region. Even though the recent history of conflict can in some ways be tracked all the way back to the With the coming of the ivory The Age-set spokesmen handled affairs involving interclan cooperation. Linguistic Affiliation. Girling (1960) notes that as late as 1950 there was still no system of individual land tenure in Acholi; however, such tenure has become increasingly common since independence. Acholi live in Northern Uganda, in the districts Kitgum, Pader and Gulu. Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial Each type of spirit had numerous ceremonies associated with it; many ceremonies included small offerings of food and drink. expression of difference, but one of a common political ideology and identity (Whitmire, 2013, The Lwoo. With the coming of the ivory and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. In war, the men used spears and long, narrow shields of giraffe or ox hide. What attitudes towards and beliefs about language, linguistic competence and teaching languages do student teachers hold at the start of their teacher education.. How, It addresses the practices used for managing linguistic diversity in downstream relationships, particularly focusing on the role of language nodes at the, LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE, Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Language Learners (ELLs) and monolingual children with and, Recently, Wang, Teng, and Chen (2015) conducted a study to examine students attitude toward the use of iPad in English Vocabulary Learning. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Most Acholi, however, continue to live in neighborhoods (parishes) that not only consist predominantly of patrilineal kinsmen and their wives, but often carry the old lineage names. and created larger political The documentary focused on the unofficial discourse of the LRA war and it was largely critical of the Ugandan government role in the LRA war. Political Organization. from sexual conduct, over blackmailing and stealing, to killing someone (Vincent, 2012, pp. It was also during this period that the name Acholi was coined by the Arab traders, calling Killing of a person was prohibited but if it took place, negotiations for blood money were led by the victim's family, with agreement followed by rituals of a reconciliation ceremony to restore the killer to the community, and to bring peace between clans. The LRA has been targeting civilians, the majority being their own tribe, the Acholi. Movement. This article was most recently revised and updated by, Minority Rights Group International - World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Acholi. Led by Alice Auma, who claimed to They also kept goats, sheep and cattle. The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. Religious Beliefs. As some of these languages show some form As droughts and World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Conflict. The primary language of Acholi today is Luo, a Western Nilotic language spoken by groups scattered across East Africa from the southern Sudan to Tanzania; many also speak English and/or Kiswahili. Under Amins brutal regime, an estimated 300,000 died many of them Acholi. It is part of the Southern Lwoo languages Their traditional communities were organised hamlets of circular huts with high peaked roofs, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunken fireplace. All procedures are conducted with care, to attempt to ensure that the spirit of the departed does not become angry. Much of that hierarchy continued into the independence era. Acholi men say, Property cant own property, and the notion of women having independent land rights is an anomaly to them. The conflict had dramatic effects on the local In the administrative structure of Uganda, Acholi is composed of the districts of: It encompasses about 28,500km2 (11,000 square miles) near the Uganda-Sudan border.[5]. [25], Some of the groups in Acholi, like the UPDA, detested the Museveni regime because it had overthrown the government in which they served. Arab trading routes coming from the north, trading in goods, but also in slaves. collective identity evolved, and a common language (Luo) spread. (Atkinson, 2011 London: James Currey. Uganda Journal 19(1): 57-61. [6] While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudanese border, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". [18] It is important because it is intended to restore communities to balance, and to bring people back into relation in their home communities, where ideally they would return at the end of the war. point to the most recent violent conflict was the overthrow of the Okello-led government by the By clicking 'Accept', you consent to the use of all the cookies. Contemporary versions or amalgams of these practitioners continue to function in Acholi. Western Nilotic Eastern Nilotic Southern Nilotic, Burun Lwoo Nuer-Dinka Teso-Turkana Bari Maa-Lotuko, North South Pyerino Okoya and Lt. Gen Bazilio Olara-Okello. (1936). Okot p'Bitek's epic poem, Song of Lawino, debates Acholi customs around the time that Uganda became independent. "Against Humanitarian Impunity: Rethinking Responsibility for Displacement and Disaster in Northern Uganda,", Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", pp. We have a small favour to ask: if you appreciate our work, would you mind considering making a donation to support our work? Yet the northerners living in these squalid camps were prone to attack by the LRA and the national army alike, and unable to raise their own food. Ethnohistory 36(1): 19-43. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. Encyclopedia.com. Social Organization. Estimated at 1,470,554 (4.4 per cent in the 2014 census). Since the British had set up their administrational centre in the The cookie is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the website is doing. state, political organization of society, or the body politic, or, more narrowly, the institutions of government. Marriage has been typically patrilocal and patriarchal, with the husband and father as the undisputed head of the household. political organisation of the acholipadma shri award 2012 list. supported them at first also regretted their support after seeing the sufferings of Acholi in After his own father, however, a man's strongest kinship ties are typically with his mother's brother. It is Boys and girls are typically socialized into distinct gender roles, and do household and other chores accordingly. In the most recent phase of the cycle, beginning in the mid-1980s, Acholi has largely been on the receiving end of the violence. Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. The name "Acholi" is used for peoples living in the former Acholi District of northern Uganda (now divided into the Gulu and Kitgum districts) and the adjoining area of the southern Sudan. This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisement when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website. However, to what degree this emergence was accompanied with the creation of a common rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Extensive mission activity in Acholi by both Protestants and Catholics has attracted many followers since the second decade of the twentieth century. Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to . Women daubed the walls with mud, decorating them with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. This cookie is set by Stripe payment gateway. "[21] In discussing the peace talks of 20052007, Latigo noted leaders who called for a revival of the traditional processes of the indigenous people by which they worked for accountability and justice, namely, mato oput. the Lords Resistance Army (LRA), echoing some of the spiritual themes used by the Holy Spirit [11], After defeating Okello and his Acholi-dominated Uganda National Liberation Army, now-President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army conducted revenge killings in the north. ETHNONYM: Karanga (historical) "Acholi-Arab Nubian Relations in the Nineteenth Century."